Projeto e Implementação de Veículo Teleoperado com Transmissão Simulada e Force Feedback
Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso em Engenharia de Computação — Universidade Federal do Ceará
- Autor
- Inácio Rodrigues de Matos Galvão
- Orientador
- Prof. Dr. José Marques Soares
- Coorientador
- Eng. Me. Artur Rodrigues Rocha Neto
Hipótese
UDP simples sobre Wi-Fi doméstico, combinado a force feedback calculado a partir de uma IMU embarcada, é suficiente para teleoperação responsiva em hardware de baixo custo.
Objetivo
Projetar, implementar e validar uma arquitetura de teleoperação para veículo em escala 1:5 estilo Fórmula 1, avaliando latência, perda de pacotes, fidelidade do modelo do motor, resposta háptica, autonomia e comportamento térmico.
Contexto e motivação
Sistemas de teleoperação são relevantes em mineração, exploração espacial e operações militares — onde latência e retorno háptico determinam a precisão da tarefa. Soluções comerciais existentes custam mais de R$ 50.000 e são complexas. Este trabalho demonstra que arquitetura equivalente é viável em hardware aberto de R$ 1.300.

Arquitetura
Três camadas: veículo embarcado (Raspberry Pi 4, câmera, IMU, motor, servos), cliente PC (decodifica vídeo MJPEG, calcula force feedback, exibe telemetria) e simulador Logitech G923. Comunicação via três portas UDP independentes — vídeo, telemetria e comandos — para que frames de vídeo não bloqueiem os 100 Hz exigidos pelo retorno háptico.

Stack e hardware
Modelo do motor
Motor DC 775 com transmissão de cinco marchas modelado como sistema de primeira ordem G(s) = K / (τ_eff · s + 1), onde τ_eff = τ_base(g) · M_zona. τ_base cresce de 2 s (1ª marcha) a 10 s (5ª); M_zona vale 1,0 (IDEAL), 10,0 (SUBÓTIMA) ou 25,0 (POBRE). Operar em marcha errada para a faixa de rotação penaliza a resposta, como em uma transmissão real.

Force feedback (G923)
Sete tipos de efeito em oito instâncias paralelas: condicionais (centralização, amortecimento, fricção, inércia) atualizados a 1 kHz no firmware do volante, força lateral baseada no G lateral do BMI160 a 100 Hz, batentes virtuais nos limites de curso, e vibração de impacto sincronizada com sensores. Cache por efeito reduziu o bloqueio da thread de sensores de 12–60 ms para 0–15 ms por pacote.

Experimentos
13 sessões experimentais — 9 indoor (rodas livres, 27±2 °C) e 4 externas em pista de 55,81 m — totalizando ~165 min e ~983 mil amostras agregadas.
Resultados
Todas as metas atingidas. Latência fim a fim a 1,1× a meta, com gargalo no Wi-Fi compartilhado — não no veículo. Migrar para enlace dedicado reduziria o p50 em uma ordem de grandeza sem alteração de código.

Conclusão
UDP simples + modelo de primeira ordem + force feedback direto entregam teleoperação responsiva em hardware de baixo custo. A limitação principal foi estrutural, não eletrônica: chassi em PLA e suportes do motor cederam em pista. O trabalho valida a hipótese e abre caminho para evoluções com chassi metálico e enlace de rede dedicado.
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